Insect Control

NOTE:  For the insecticides listed below, one product trade name and formulation is provided for each active ingredient (common name) as an example of rates, days to harvest (dh), REI, and special instructions. In many cases there are other products available with the same active ingredient. Please see Table 20 and Alphabetical Listing by Trade Name for more information on products with the same active ingredients.

A spreader-sticker should be used with insecticides on these crops as it will help provide better coverage and more insecticide persistence.

Cabbage Aphid

Treat Brussels sprouts, broccoli, cabbage and cauliflower if greater than 10% of the plants are infested with aphids anytime after heads or sprouts begin to form. Aphids tend to be more of a problem in fall plantings and on broccoli and Brussels sprouts.

acephate (Orthene 97): 1/2 to 1 lb/A (14 dh, REI 24h, Group 1B). For green peach aphid. For Brussels sprouts and cauliflower only.

acetamiprid (Assail 30SG): 2 to 4 dry oz/A (7 dh, REI 12h, Group 4).

azadirachtin (Neemix 4.5): 5 to 7 oz/A (0 dh, REI 12h, Group 18). Suppression and adult feeding deterrent. OMRI listed.

Beauveria bassiana (Mycotrol O): 8 to 32 oz/A (0 dh, REI 4h, Group 22). Treat when populations are low and thoroughly cover foliage. Takes 7 to 10 days after the first spray to see control. Repeat applications may be needed. OMRI listed.

bifenthrin (Capture* 2EC): 2.1 to 6.4 oz/A (7 dh, REI 12h, Group 3A).

chlorpyrifos (Lorsban 75WG): 0.67 to 1.33 lb/A (21 dh, REI 24h, Group 1B). For broccoli, Brussels sprouts, cabbage, cauliflower, kale, and kohlrabi only.

dimethoate (Dimethoate 4EC): 8 to 16 oz/A (7 dh, REI 48h, Group 1B) for broccoli and cauliflower, 8 oz/A (14 dh) for kale and mustard. DO NOT use on other Brassica crops (except Turnip).

dinotefuran (Safari 20SG): 0.16 to 0.32 dry oz/1,000 sq ft or 3.5 to 7 dry oz/100 gal/20,000 sq ft (1 dh, REI 12h, Group 4). Broccoli, Brussels sprouts, cabbage, cauliflower and kohlrabi transplants only while in greenhouse. Not for field use.

dinotefuran (Venom 20SG): 7 to 14 dry oz/A foliar or 18 to 21 dry oz/A soil (1 dh foliar, 21 dh soil, REI 12h, Group 4A). For resistance management purposes, do not use foliar spray after soil application or following another nicotinoid (Group 4A) insecticide application on the same crop. For head and stem Brassicas only.

endosulfan (Thionex* 50W): 1.5 to 2 lbs/A (7dh broccoli and cabbage, 14dh Brussels sprouts and cabbage, 21dh for collards and mustard greens, REI 24h, Group 2A).  For broccoli, Brussels sprouts, cauliflower, cabbage, collards and mustard greens.

flonicamid (Beleaf 50SG): 2 to 2.8 dry oz/A (0 dh, REI 12, Group 9C). Only registred in MA.

imidacloprid (Admire Pro): 4.4 to 10.5 oz/A (21 dh, REI 12h, Group 4A). May be applied as banded spray over seed line during planting (incorporated with irrigation), in-furrow spray, transplant water drench during transplanting or through trickle irrigation. See plant-back restrictions. To avoid resistance, do not use another nicotinoid (Group 4A) insecticide if Admire Pro was used at planting.

imidacloprid (Provado 1.6F): 3.8 oz/A (7 dh, REI 12h, Group 4A). See plant-back restrictions. For resistance management purposes, do not use a Provado foliar application following another nicotinoid (Group 4) insecticide application on the same crop.

insecticidal soap (M-Pede): 1.25 to 2.5 oz/gal water (0 dh, REI 12h). Spray to wet all infested plant surfaces. Repeated applications may be necessary. Apply with another aphicide. OMRI listed.

lambda-cyhalothrin (Warrior*): 2.5 to 3.8 oz/A (1 dh, REI 24h, Group 3A). For head and stem Brassicas (broccoli, Brussels sprouts, cauliflower, cabbage, chinese broccoli, chinese cabbage and kohlrabi). Suppression only.

malathion (Malathion 57 EC): 1 to 2 pt/A (7 dh, 3 dh broccoli, REI 12h, Group 1B). For broccoli, Brussels sprouts, cabbagge, cauliflower, kale, kohlrabi, mustard greens and collards.

pymetrozine (Fulfill): 2.75 oz/A (7 dh, REI 12h, Group 9A). Selective control of aphids including cabbage aphid. Translaminar. Apply at threshold before populations build up. 

pyrethrin (PyGanic EC5.0): 4.5 to 18 oz/A (0 dh, REI 12h, Group 3A). OMRI listed.

pyrethrins + piperonyl butoxide (Pyrenone): 1 tsp/gal, or 1 to 12 oz/A gal (0 dh, REI 12h, Group 3A).

sodium tetraborohydrate decahydrate (Prev-AM): 100 oz/100 gal (0.5 dh, REI 12h, Group 25). Do not apply in midday sun or mix with copper, sulfur or oils. CT only.

spirotetramat (Movento): 4-5 oz/A (1dh, REI 24 h, Group 23). Immature stages; may also reduce adult fertility.

thiamethoxam (Actara): 1.5 to 3 oz/A (7 dh leafy Brassica greens, 0 dh head and stem Brassicas, REI 12h, Group 4).

thiamethoxam (Platinum): 5 to 11 oz/A (30 dh, REI 12h, Group 4). Systemic insecticide used as an in-furrow, banded, drench, or drip irrigation application to the seed/seedling root zone during or after planting/transplanting operations. DO NOT apply as a foliar spray.

Cabbage Looper (CL), Diamondback Moth (DBM), Imported Cabbageworm (ICW)

Diamondback moth and imported cabbageworm are pests throughout the growing season, while cabbage looper generally does not become a pest until mid- to late-season.

Imported cabbageworm is the offspring of the cabbage butterfly, a daytime flyer often visible in Brassica fields. Wings are white, and the forewing has a dark border and one or two round black spots. Eggs, laid singly on leaves, are about 1/8 inch in length, light green or yellow, and slightly elongated, standing upright. Imported cabbageworm caterpillars are gray-green with a thin yellow line down the back, slightly fuzzy, reach 1 1/4 inches in length, and are sluggish when touched. Feeding and resting occur on the underside of leaves, and larvae feed more heavily in the head of cabbage or broccoli as they grow. The overwintering stage is the crysalis (pupa), which is green or brown, smooth, with three pointed ridges on its back. There are 3-4 generations per year with adults first appearing in May.

Cabbage looper does not overwinter in New England but arrives in migratory flights from farther south. Generally numbers are not significant until late July or August. Adult moths are mottled gray-brown, 3/4 inch long, with a distinct round silver-white mark on the wing. Bucket-type pheromone traps can be used to monitor moth flight. Eggs are globe-shaped, light green or yellow, and laid underneath the foliage. Caterpillars are light green, with wavy white or light yellow lines down the back and sides, reaching 1-1/2 to 2 inches when full grown. Cabbage loopers of any size will raise the middle of their body in a characteristic “loop” shape. Feeding damage from older larvae consists of ragged, large holes in foliage, on both frame leaves and heads.

Diamondback moth adults are the smallest (<1/2 inch), light brown with a yellow diamond-shaped marking, and rest with their wings folded together like a tent. Caterpillars reach 3/4-inch in length, are light green, and are segmented and pointed at both ends. When disturbed they wiggle vigorously and may drop off the plant on a string of silk. Feeding causes small, round holes and tends to be spread across the foliage rather than concentrated in the head. Scout fields by checking leaves (underside) on 25 plants across the field.

In the Northeast, there is generally no need to treat young plants unless weather conditions delay plant development and at least 35% of them are infested with any of these pests. Treat plants between the start of heading and harvest if 20% or more of the plants are infested. The most critical time to scout and apply controls is just prior to head formation. Use a 10-15% threshold throughout the season for kale, collards and mustard.

Do not use less than 50 gal spray material/A; higher volumes provide better coverage. Better coverage of lower leaf surfaces can be achieved by using drop nozzles. Use a spreader-sticker.

Diamondback moth has become resistant to many synthetic and microbial insecticides. Even if you are getting excellent control of this pest with the materials presently being used, you should alternate between effective materials to retard development of resistance. Newer materials and the aizawai strain of Bacillus thuringiensis will usually provide better control of resistant DBM than older products. Use transplants grown in New England to avoid importing DBM that have already developed resistance to one or more classes of insecticides.

Incorporate crop residues shortly after harvest to reduce movement to successive plantings and reduce overwintering populations. Populations are suppressed by natural enemies, which include parasitic wasps that attack larvae. Use selective materials or microbial products, to spare beneficials that help control aphids, DBM and ICW populations.

acephate (Orthene 97): 1 lb/A (14 dh, REI 24h, Group 1B). For Brussels sprouts and cauliflower only.

azadirachtin (Neemix 4.5): 7 to 16 oz/A (0 dh, REI 12h, Group 18). For young larvae. OMRI listed.

Bacillus thuringiensis aizawai (XenTari): 0.5 to 1.5 lb/A (0 dh, REI 4h, Group 11). Particularly effective against DBM. See the general recommendations for B.t. kurstaki below. For resistance management, may be rotated with Bt kurstaki products. OMRI listed.

Bacillus thuringiensis kurstaki (Dipel DF): 0.5 to 1 lb/A (0 dh, REI 4h, Group 11). Must be ingested; apply when larvae are actively feeding. Use high rate at cool temperatures. Store at room temperature. Use a spreader-sticker. For resistence management, may be rotated with Bt aizawai (XenTari). OMRI listed. Note: Liquid formulations are preferred for cabbage looper control (Dipel ES). 

Beauveria bassiana (Mycotrol O): 16 to 32 oz/A (0 dh, REI 4h, Group 22). Use high rate for CL. May be used alone or tank mixed with Bacillus thuringiensis products. Takes 7 to 10 days after application to see control. OMRI listed.

beta-cyfluthrin (Baythroid* XL): 1.6 to 2.4 oz/A for CL and ICW, 2.4 to 3.2 oz/A for DBM (0 dh, REI 12h, Group 3A).

bifenthrin (Capture* 2EC): 2.1 to 6.4 oz/A (7 dh, REI 12h, Group 3A).

carbaryl (Sevin XLR Plus): 1 to 2 qt/A (3 dh for broccoli, Brussels sprouts, cabbage, cauliflower and kohlrabi, 14 dh for Chinese cabbage, collards, kale and mustard greens, REI 12h, Group 1A).

chlorantraniliprole (Coragen): 3.5 to 5 oz/A (3 dh, REI 4h, Group 28). For drip application, must be applied uniformly in the root zone and do not apply more than twice per season. For foliar application use an effective adjuvant. For DBM, do not apply more than twice within 30 days.

cypermethrin (Ammo* 2.5 EC): 2.5 to 5 oz/A (1 dh, REI 12h, Group 3A). Use high rate for looper, and heavy infestations. Not for DBM.

emamectin benzoate (Proclaim*): 2.4 to 4.8 oz/A for DBM and ICW, 3.2 to 4.8 for CL (7 dh, except for leafy brassicas and turnip greens which are 14 dh, REI 12h, Group 6). Rotate to another product after two applications.

endosulfan (Thionex* 50W): 1.5lbs/A for ICW on kale, 1.5 to 2 lbs/A for ICW, DBM, CL on broccoli, Brussels sprouts, cauliflower, cabbage, collards and mustard greens. (7dh broccoli and cabbage, 14dh Brussels sprouts and cabbage, 21dh for collards, kale and mustard greens, REI 24h, Group 2A). Not for other Brassicas.

esfenvalerate (Asana* XL): 5.8 to 9.6 oz/A for CL and 2.9 to 5.8 oz/A for ICW on broccoli, cabbage, cauliflower and Chinese cabbage (3 dh, REI 12h, Group 3A). 5.8 to 9.6 oz/A for CL and ICW on collards and for CL on kohlrabi and 9.6 oz/A for CL and ICW on mustard greens (7 dh, REI 12h, Group 3A). Not for other Brassica crops.

fenpropathrin (Danitol* 2.4EC): 10.7 to 16 oz/A (7dh, REI 24, Group 3). For CL and ICW on head and stem Brassica. Not for leafy Brassicas.

flubendiamide (Synapse): 2 oz/A (1 dh, REI 12h, Group 28). Active via ingestion.

gamma-cyhalothrin (Proaxis*): 1.9 to 3.2 oz/A for CL and ICW, 2.5 to 3.8 oz/A for DBM (1 dh, REI 24h, Group 3A).

indoxacarb (Avaunt): 2.5 to 3.5 oz/A (3 dh, REI 12h, Group 22). Use high rate for DBM.

lambda-cyhalothrin (Warrior*): 1.9 to 3.2 oz/A for CL and ICW, 2.5 to 3.8 oz/A for DBM (1 dh, REI 24h, Group 3A). For head and stem Brassicas (broccoli, Brussels sprouts, cauliflower, cabbage, Chinese broccoli, Chinese cabbage and kohlrabi).

malathion (Malathion 57 EC): 1 to 2 pt/A, except 2.8 pt/A for collards (7 dh, 3 dh broccoli, REI 12h, Group 1B). For broccoli, Brussels sprouts, cabbagge, cauliflower, kale, kohlrabi, mustard greens. Not for DBM except on collards.

methomyl (Lannate* LV): 1.5 to 3 pt/A for CL and DBM, 0.75 to 3 oz/A for ICW (1 dh cabbage, 3dh broccoli, Brussels sprouts, cauliflower, 10 dh Chinese cabbage, collards, kale, mustard greens, REI 48h, Group 1A). For broccoli, Brussels sprouts, cabbagge, cauliflower, Chinese cabbage, collards, kale and mustard greens. Add a wetting agent to improve coverage.

novaluron (Rimon 0.83EC): 6 to 12 oz/A (7 dh, REI 12h, Group 16B). No more than three applications per season. Insect growth regulator. For head and stem Brassicas (broccoli, Brussels sprouts, cauliflower, cabbage, Chinese broccoli, Chinese cabbage, Chinese mustard and kohlrabi).

permethrin (Pounce* 25WP): 3.2 to 6.4 oz/A for Brussels sprouts, cauliflower, cavalo broccolo and kohlrabi; 3.2 to 9.6 oz/A for collards; 3.2 to 12.8 oz/A for broccoli, Chinese broccoli, cabbage and Chinese cabbage (1 dh, REI 12h, Group 3A). Not for other Brassica crops (except see turnips).

methoxyfenozide (Intrepid 2F): 4 to 10 oz/A for ICW and CL; 12 to 16 oz/A for DBM (1 dh, REI 4h, Group 18). Use lower rates when plants are small or infestations are light. Insect growth regulator. Works on all instars. Feeding stops within hours but death takes several days.

pyrethrin (PyGanic EC5.0): 4.5 to 18 oz/A (0 dh, REI 12h, Group 3A). OMRI listed.

pyrethrins + piperonyl butoxide (Pyrenone): 1 tsp/gal, or 1 to12 oz/A gal (0 dh, REI 12h, Group 3A).

sodium tetraborohydrate decahydrate (Prev-AM): 50 oz/100 gal (0.5 dh, REI 12h, group 25). Do not apply in midday sun or mix with copper, sulfur or oils. CT only.

spinetoram (Radiant SC): 5 to 10 oz/A (1 dh, REI 4h,Group 5).

spinosad (Entrust): 0.5 to 1.25 dry oz/A for DBM; 1 to 2 dry oz/A for ICW and CL (1 dh, REI 4h, Group 5). OMRI listed.

tebufenozide (Confirm 2F): 6 to 8 oz/A (7 dh, REI 4h, Group 18). Low toxicity to natural enemies. Not for DBM.

thiodicarb (Larvin* 3.2): 16 to 32 oz/A for ICW and 24 to 40 oz/A for CL and DBM (7 dh, REI 48h, Group 1A). Only for use on broccoli, cabbage, and cauliflower.

zeta-cypermethrin (Mustang*): 2.4 to 4.3 oz/A (1 dh, REI 12h, Group 3A).

Cross-striped Cabbageworm

Formally restricted to the South, this insect is now a serious problem on Brassica crops in southeastern New England. It has 2 to 3 generations per year and is most abundant on late-season plantings. Unlike the three major caterpillar pests on Brassicas, the cross-striped cabbageworm (CSC) lays its eggs in batches (3 to 25) rather than singly. Egg batches are yellow, flattened, and attached to the lower leaf surfaces. Larvae grow to 3/4”-long in 2 to 3 weeks. The caterpillars are light bluish-grey on top and green underneath, with numerous black bands across their backs and a yellow line down each side. Larvae produce small holes in leaves until only veins remain or target terminal buds and sprouts or may burrow into heads. Plants with larvae are often completely skeletonized. Adjacent plants may be left undamaged. Plow under debris after harvest and control wild mustard and Shepard’s purse to help minimize pest population. Spray if 5% of the plants are infested with CSC. Use selective insecticides to preserve parasitic wasps.

Bacillus thuringiensis aizawai (XenTari): 0.5 to 1.5 lb/A (0 dh, REI 4h, Group 11). See the general recommendations for B.t. kurstaki below. OMRI listed.

Bacillus thuringiensis kurstaki (Dipel DF): 0.5 to 1 lb/A (0 dh, REI 4h, Group 11). Must be ingested; apply when larvae are actively feeding. Use high rate at cool temperatures. Store at room temperature. Use a spreader-sticker. OMRI listed.

chlorantraniliprole (Coragen): 3.5 to 5 oz/A (3 dh, REI 4h, Group 28). For drip application, must be applied uniformly in the root zone and do not apply more than twice per season. For foliar application use an effective adjuvant.

emamectin benzoate (Proclaim*): 2.4 to 4.8 oz/A (7 dh, except for leafy brassicas and turnip greens which are 14 dh, REI 12h, Group 6). Rotate to another product after two applications.

endosulfan (Thionex* 50W): 1.5 to 2 lbs/A (7dh broccoli and cabbage, 14dh Brussels sprouts and cabbage, REI 24h, Group 2A).  For broccoli, Brussels sprouts, cauliflower and cabbage only.

indoxacarb (Avaunt): 2.5 to 3.5 oz/A (3 dh, REI 12 h, Group 22). 

methoxyfenozide (Intrepid 2F): 8 to 10 oz/A (1 dh, REI 4h, Group 18). Insect growth regulator. Works on all instars. Feeding stops within hours but death takes several days.

pyrethrin (PyGanic EC5.0): 4.5 to 18 oz/A (0 dh, REI 12h, Group 3A). OMRI listed.

pyrethrins + piperonyl butoxide (Pyrenone): 1 tsp/gal, or 1 to12 oz/A (0 dh, REI 12h, Group 3A).

tebufenozide (Confirm 2F): 6 to 8 oz/A (7 dh, REI 4h, Group 18).

Cabbage Maggot

Flies over-winter as pupae near roots of fall Brassica crops. Adult flies become active one or two weeks after forsythia starts to bloom or when yellow rocket (winter cress, Barbarea vulgaris) starts to bloom. Cabbage root maggot flies are delicate, hump-backed gray-brown flies, about 5-7 mm long. Eggs are laid in soil and maggots feed on roots. Plants wilt, turn yellow or purple, and die. Control should begin in early spring when adult flies are active. Look at the base of the plant for small (1/32”), white, bullet-shaped eggs. Once one egg is found, often many will appear within a few days. Apply a soil drench 2 to 3 days after finding an average of one egg/plant. The direct spray method is effective only if it is applied as a narrow band with enough water to penetrate the root zone — over the row for direct seeded Brassicas or directed to the base of the plant for transplanted crops. A wider spray band reduces the concentration of the insecticide over the row and, therefore, decreases its effectiveness.

Cabbage maggot eggs are very sensitive to high soil temperatures (above 95°F), and will die if they are exposed to these temperatures for several days in a row. Generally these soil temperatures are reached by late May/early June, unless there has been excessive rain, which has a dramatic cooling effect on the soil. This means that under high soil temperatures there is no need to spray for this pest. There are 3-4 generations per year. A late summer flight (late August, early September) may damage fall crops.

Incorporate and disk Brassica crops after harvest to expose and kill pupae, especially in the fall. Rotate spring crops to fields that were not planted with fall Brassicas. Protect spring crops with spunbonded row covers. Place cover over the crop at the time of seeding or transplanting and seal the edges with soil. Use only on rotated fields. Delayed planting, until after soil temperatures are high enough to kill eggs, avoids damage.

Direct seeded crops:

chlorpyrifos (Lorsban 75WG): 1.1 to 1.6 lb/1,000 row feet for cauliflower, 1.1 to 1.8 lb/1,000 row feet for broccoli, Brussels sprouts, cabbage, Chinese cabbage, collard, kale, kohlrabi, and turnip, 0.67 oz/1,000 linear ft. of row for radish, 1.1- 2.5 oz/1,000 linear ft. of row (30 dh, REI 24h, Group 1B). Not labeled for other brassica crops. Apply in a water-based spray as a 4” wide band over the row and in front of the press wheel at planting to achieve shallow incorporation. DO NOT make more than one application per season. Use at least 40 gal of water per acre.

diazinon (Diazinon* AG500): 0.5 to 1 qt/A as a  directed spray to base of plant (7 dh, REI 24h, Group 1B). For broccoli, Brussels sprouts, cabbage and cauliflower. 

Transplanted crops:

chlorpyrifos (Lorsban 75WG): 1.1 to 1.6 lb/1,000 row feet for cauliflower, 1.1 to 1.8 lb/1,000 row feet for broccoli, Brussels sprouts, cabbage, Chinese cabbage, collard, kale, kohlrabi and turnip (30 dh, REI 24h, Group 1B). Not labeled for other brassica crops. Direct spray to the base of plants immediately after setting. DO NOT make more than one application per season. Use at least 40 gal of water per acre.

diazinon (Diazinon* AG500): 0.5 to 1 qt/A as a transplant drench or directed spray to base of plant (7 dh, REI 24h, Group 1B). For broccoli, Brussels sprouts, cabbage and cauliflower.

Preplant incorporate:

Generally not as effective as directed sprays.

chlorpyrifos (Lorsban 15 G): 4.6 to 9.2 oz/1,000 row feet for bok choy,broccoli, broccoli raab, Brussels sprouts, cabbage, Chinese broccoli, Chinese cabbage, collard, kale, kohlrabi, rutabaga, and turnip; 3.3 oz/1,000 linear ft. of row for radish (7 dh radish and rutabaga, 21 dh cauliflower, 30 dh all others, REI 24h, Group 1B). Apply as a granular in 4” band over the row at planting time. DO NOT make more than one application per season. Shallow incorporation is necessary.

diazinon (Diazinon* AG500): 2 to 3 qt/A broadcast and incorporate before planting (7 dh, REI 24h, Group 1B). For broccoli, Brussels sprouts, cabbage and cauliflower. 

Cutworm

Caterpillars hide under the soil surface adjacent to the plant stem during the day and feed on stems after dark. For best results, make application between midnight and dawn while cutworms are feeding aboveground. Synthetic pyrethroids (Group 3A) may work best during cool weather in April and May. See cutworms in the Pepper and Tomato (Outdoor) sections for more information on the black and variegated cutworms.

Bacillus thuringiensis aizawai (XenTari): 0.5 to 1.5 lb/A (0 dh, REI 4h, Group 11). See the general recommendations for B.t. kurstaki below. OMRI listed.

Bacillus thuringiensis kurstaki (Dipel DF): 0.5 to 1 lb/A (0 dh, REI 4h, Group 11). Must be ingested; apply in evening before larvae are actively feeding and direct sprays to base of stem. Use high rate at cool temperatures. OMRI listed.

beta-cyfluthrin (Baythroid* XL): 0.8 to 1.6 oz/A (0 dh, REI 12h, Group 3A).

bifenthrin (Capture* 2EC): 2.1 to 6.4 oz/A (7 dh, REI 12h, Group 3A).

carbaryl (10% Sevin Granules): 20 lb/A (3 dh for broccoli, Brussels sprouts, cabbage, cauliflower and kohlrabi, 14 dh for Chinese cabbage, collards, kale and mustard greens, REI 12h, Group 1A).

chlorpyrifos (Lorsban 75WG): 0.67 to 1.33 lb/A (21 dh, REI 24h, Group 1B). For broccoli, Brussels sprouts, cabbage, cauliflower, kale, and kohlrabi only. DO NOT make three applications of chlorpyrifos per crop.

cypermethrin (Ammo* 2.5EC): 2.5 to 5 oz/A (1dh, REI 12h, Group 3A).

diazinon (Diazinon* AG500): 2 to 4 qt/A broadcast and incorporate before planting (7 dh, REI 24h, Group 1B). For broccoli, Brussels sprouts, cabbage, collards, kale, mustard greens and cauliflower.

endosulfan (Thionex* 50W): 2 lbs/A (7dh broccoli and cabbage, 14dh Brussels sprouts and cabbage, REI 24h, Group 2A).  For broccoli, Brussels sprouts, cauliflower and cabbage only.

esfenvalerate (Asana*XL): 5.8 to 9.6 oz/A (3 dh for broccoli, cabbage, cauliflower and Chinese cabbage; 7 dh for collards, REI 12h, Group 3A). Not labeled for other Brassica crops.

gamma-cyhalothrin (Proaxis*): 1.9 to 3.2 oz/A (1 dh, REI 24h, Group 3A). May be applied before, during or after planting.

lambda-cyhalothrin (Warrior*): 1.9 to 3.2 oz/A (1 dh, REI 24h, Group 3A). For head and stem Brassicas (broccoli, Brussels sprouts, cauliflower, cabbage, chinese broccoli, chinese cabbage and kohlrabi).

methomyl (Lannate* LV): 1.5 pt/A (1 dh cabbage, 3dh broccoli, Brussels sprouts, cauliflower, 10 dh Chinese cabbage, collards, kale, mustard greens, REI 48h, Group 1A). For Brussels sprouts, cabbagge, cauliflower, collards. For variegated cutworm only.

methoxyfenozide (Intrepid 2F): 4 to 10 oz/A (1 dh, REI 4h, Group 18). Insect growth regulator. Suppression only.

permethrin (Pounce* 25WP): 6.4 to 12.8 oz/A (1 dh, REI 12h, Group 3A). Cabbage and Chinese cabbage only.

pyrethrins + piperonyl butoxide (Pyrenone): 1 tsp/gal, or 1 to 12 oz/A (0 dh, REI 12h, Group 3A).

zeta-cypermethrin (Mustang*): 2.4 to 4.3 oz/A (1 dh, REI 12h, Group 3A).

Flea Beetle

The crucifer flea beetle is uniformly black and shiny, about 2 mm in length, while the striped flea beetle has two yellow stripes on its back. These flea beetles only feed on Brassica crops; those found on corn or solanaceous crops are different species. Adults spend the winter outside the field, in shrubby or woody borders, and move into fields in May. Adults feed on leaves and stems, leaving small round holes. Eggs are laid in soil near the plant. Larvae feed on root hairs and pupate underground. New adults emerge in late July or early August and feed throughout August. Spring crops are damaged by over-wintered adults, while fall crops are damaged by summer adults. Feeding declines in September.

Heavy feeding can kill seedlings, and moderate damage can delay maturity, reduce yield, or make crops unmarketable. Crops with more waxy leaves (cabbage, broccoli, kale) are less attractive and feeding is more restricted to leaf margins, especially as crop matures. Crops with glossy leaves (bok choy, Nappa cabbage, mustard) are highly attractive, the whole leaf is damaged and the crop is susceptible until harvest.

Rotate spring crops as far as possible from last season’s fall Brassica crops. Separate early and late-season Brassica crops. Avoiding early Brassicas (until July) breaks the reproductive cycle, though it is not feasible for many growers. Incorporate and till crops immediately after harvest to kill larvae feeding on roots. Provide adequate water and nutrients for crop growth; avoid soil compaction.

Spun-bonded row covers provide excellent protection of the crop if well secured with soil or bags around all edges immediately after seeding or transplanting. Remove and replace the same day for cultivation, as needed.

Because Brassica crops differ greatly in susceptibility and attractiveness there is no fixed economic threshold that applies to all crops. Beetles can be difficult to count, as they hop when disturbed. Yellow sticky cards placed in the canopy or feeding damage can be used to determine beetle populations. Control if damage to cotyledons or seedlings is stunting growth, or if damage to greens will reduce marketability.

beta-cyfluthrin (Baythroid* XL): 2.4 to 3.2 oz/A (0 dh, REI 12h, Group 3A).

bifenthrin (Capture* 2EC): 2.1 to 6.4 oz/A (7 dh, REI 12h, Group 3A).

carbaryl (Sevin XLR Plus): 1/2 to 1 qt/A (3 dh for cabbage, cauliflower, broccoli, Brussels sprouts and kohlrabi, 14 dh for kale, collards, Chinese cabbage and mustard, REI 12h, Group 1A). This pesticide can encourage buildup of aphids by killing natural enemies.

chlorpyrifos (Lorsban 75WG): 0.67 to 1.33 lb/A (21 dh, REI 24h, Group 1B). For broccoli, Brussels sprouts, cabbage, cauliflower, kale, and kohlrabi only. DO NOT make three applications of chlorpyrifos per crop.

cypermethrin (Ammo* 2.5EC): 2.5 to 5 oz/A (1 dh, REI 12h, Group 3A).

endosulfan (Thionex* 50W): 1.5lbs/A for kale, 1.5 to 2 lbs/A for broccoli, Brussels sprouts, cauliflower, cabbage, collards and mustard greens (7dh broccoli and cabbage, 14dh Brussels sprouts and cabbage, 21dh for collards, kale and mustard greens, REI 24h, Group 2A). Not for other Brassicas.

esfenvalerate (Asana* XL): 5.8 to 9.6 oz/A for broccoli, cabbage, cauliflower, Chinese cabbage and collards (3 dh, 7 dh for collards, REI 12h, Group 3A). Not labeled for other Brassica crops.

gamma-cyhalothrin (Proaxis*): 2.5 to 3.8 oz/A (1 dh, REI 24h, Group 3A).

imidacloprid (Provado 1.6F): 3.8 oz/A (7 dh, REI 12h, Group 4A). For resistance management purposes, do not use a Provado foliar application following another nicotinoid (Group 4A) insecticide application on the same crop. See plant-back restrictions.

kaolin (Surround WP): 25 to 50 lb/A or 0.25 to 0.5 lb/gal (0 dh, REI 4h). Suppression and repellence only. May be applied to transplants prior to setting in field. Use on seedlings and young plants. White residue is difficult to wash off leaves and heads; use only on very young leaves or leaves that will not be harvested. Follow label instructions for mixing. Generally compatible as a tank mix with other insecticides. OMRI listed.

lambda-cyhalothrin (Warrior*): 2.5 to 3.8 oz/A (1 dh, REI 24h, Group 3A). For head and stem Brassicas (broccoli, Brussels sprouts, cauliflower, cabbage, chinese broccoli, chinese cabbage and kohlrabi).

permethrin (Pounce* 25WP): 6.4 to 12.8 oz/A (1 dh, REI 12h, Group 3A). Cabbage and Chinese cabbage only.

pyrethrin (PyGanic EC5.0): 4.5 to 18 oz/A (0 dh, REI 12h, Group 3A). OMRI listed.

pyrethrins + piperonyl butoxide (Pyrenone): 1 tsp/gal, or 1 to12 oz/A (0 dh, REI 12h, Group 3A).

spinosad (Entrust): 1.25 to 2.5 oz/A (1 dh, REI 4h, Group 5). MA only. Suppression only.

thiodicarb (Larvin* 3.2): 16 to 32 oz/A (7 dh, REI 48h, Group 1A). Only for use on broccoli, cabbage, and cauliflower.

thiamethoxam (Actara): 1.5 to 3 oz/A (7 dh leafy Brassica greens, 0 dh head and stem Brassicas, REI 12h, Group 4).

thiamethoxam (Platinum): 5 to 11 oz/A (30 dh, REI 12h, Group 4). Systemic insecticide used as an in-furrow, banded, drench, or drip irrigation application to the seed/seedling root zone during or after planting/transplanting operations.

zeta-cypermethrin (Mustang*): 2.4 to 4.3 oz/A (1 dh, REI 12h, Group 3A).

Leafminers 

Leafminers generally are controlled by natural enemies unless disrupted by broad-spectrum insecticide applications. Some species may be transported on transplants from southern or western locations. Control broadleaf weeds in and around the planting. Rotate insecticide groups to slow resistance. Systemic insecticides may control larvae within leaves.

cyromazine (Trigard): 2.66 oz/A (7 dh, REI 12h, Group 17).

dimethoate (Dimethoate 4EC): 8 to 16 oz/A (7 dh, REI 48h, Group 1B) for broccoli and cauliflower, 8 oz/A (14 dh) for kale and mustard. DO NOT use on other Brassica crops (except turnip).

dinotefuran (Safari 20SG): 0.16 to 0.32 dry oz/1,000 sq ft or 3.5 to 7 dry oz/100 gal/20,000 sq ft (1 dh, REI 12h, Group 4). Broccoli, Brussels sprouts, cabbage, cauliflower and kohlrabi transplants only while in greenhouse. Not for field use.

dinotefuran (Venom 20SG): 7 to 14 dry oz/A foliar or 18 to 21 dry oz/A soil (1 dh foliar, 21 dh soil, REI 12h, Group 4A). For resistance management purposes, do not use foliar spray after soil application or following another nicotinoid (Group 4A) insecticide application on the same crop. For head and stem Brassicas only.

emamectin benzoate (Proclaim*): 3.2 to 4.8 oz/A (7 dh, except for leafy brassicas and turnip greens which are 14 dh, REI 12h, Group 6). Suppression only.

pyrethrins + piperonyl butoxide (Pyrenone): 1 to 2 tsp/gal, or 12 to 24 oz/100 gal (0 dh, REI 12h, Group 3A).

spinetoram (Radiant SC): 6 to 10 oz/A (1 dh, REI 4h, Group 5). Efficacy improves with the addition of an adjuvant.

spinosad (Entrust): 1.25 to 3 dry oz/A (1 dh, REI 4h, Group 5). Efficacy improves with the addition of an adjuvant. OMRI listed.

Onion Thrips

Primarily a problem on cabbage, where thrips feed on inner leaves which are difficult to target by spraying. Thrips cause rough, golden or brown scars to form on leaves or produce a discolored layer within cabbage heads. Thrips damage can be confused with oedema. They are favored by hot, dry weather. Heavy rain or overhead irrigation can lower populations. Lacewing larvae, pirate bugs and predatory thrips are important natural enemies. Reduce populations by burying crop residue after harvest to limit overwinter sites. Do not plant cabbage near Alliums (onion family), alfalfa, clover, or cucurbits crops that can harbor large populations of thrips, which may migrate to cabbage when these crops are cut or harvested. Scout 25 plants per field. Begin applications when damage is first noticed. Repeat applications at 7 to 10 day intervals. Use a shorter interval in hot, dry weather. Use spreader-sticker for better coverage. Apply in early evening, using high pressure and 100 gal water/A for best results. Rotate between insecticide groups to help prevent or delay resistance. If thrips are a perennial problem on cabbage, plant more tolerant varieties (Bobcat, Ducati, Fresco, Little Rock, Matsumo, Rio Verde, Ruby Perfection, Solid Blue 770 or 780, Blue Pack, Ruby Ball, Heads Up, Bravo, Brutus, Green Cup, Roundup, Superette, Vantage Point, and Zerlina). Avoid planting highly susceptible varieties, such as Atlantis, Columbia, Morris, Ramada, Supergreen, Market Prize, Princess, Charmant and Solid Blue 690. See onion thrips in the Onion section for more information.

acetamiprid (Assail 30SG): 2 to 4 dry oz/A (7 dh, REI 12h, Group 4).  

Beauveria bassiana (Mycotrol O): 8 to 32 oz/A (0 dh, REI 4h, Group 22). Thoroughly cover foliage. Takes 7 to 10 days after application to see control. OMRI listed.

beta-cyfluthrin (Baythroid* XL): 0.8 to 1.6 oz/A (0 dh, REI 12h, Group 3A).

bifenthrin (Capture* 2EC): 2.1 to 6.4 oz/A (7 dh, REI 12h, Group 3A).

cypermethrin (Ammo* 2.5EC): 3.75 to 5 oz/A (1 dh, REI 12h, Group 3A).

dinotefuran (Safari 20SG): 0.16 to 0.32 dry oz/1,000 sq ft or 3.5 to 7 dry oz/100 gal/20,000 sq ft (1 dh, REI 12h, Group 4). Broccoli, Brussels sprouts, cabbage, cauliflower and kohlrabi transplants only while in greenhouse. Not for field use. Suppression only.

gamma-cyhalothrin (Proaxis*): 2.5 to 3.8 oz/A (1 dh, REI 24h, Group 3A). Suppression only.

imidacloprid (Admire Pro): 4.4 to 10.5 oz/A (21 dh, REI 12h, Group 4A). See plant-back restrictions.

lambda-cyhalothrin (Warrior*): 2.5 to 3.8 oz/A (1 dh, REI 24h, Group 3A). For head and stem Brassicas (broccoli, Brussels sprouts, cauliflower, cabbage, chinese broccoli, chinese cabbage and kohlrabi). Suppression only.

novaluron (Rimon 0.83EC): 6 to 12 oz/A (7 dh, REI 12h, Group 16B). No more than three applications per season. Insect growth regulator. For head and stem Brassicas (broccoli, Brussels sprouts, cauliflower, cabbage, Chinese broccoli, Chinese cabbage, Chinese mustard and kohlrabi). Suppression only.

permethrin (Pounce* 25WP): 3.2 to 6.4 oz/A (1 dh, REI 12h, Group 3A). Broccoli, Brussels sprouts, cauliflower, Chinese broccoli and kohlrabi only.

pyrethrin (PyGanic EC5.0): 4.5 to 18 oz/A (0 dh, REI 12h, Group 3A). OMRI listed.

pyrethrins + piperonyl butoxide (Pyrenone): 1 tsp/gal, or 1 to 12 oz/A (0 dh, REI 12h, Group 3A).

spinetoram (Radiant SC): 6 to 10 oz/A (1 dh, REI 4h,Group 5). Efficacy improves with the addition of an adjuvant.

spinosad (Entrust): 1.25 to 3 dry oz/A (1 dh, REI 4h, Group 5). Efficacy improves with the addition of an adjuvant. OMRI listed.

thiamethoxam (Actara): 3.0 to 5.5 oz/A (7 dh leafy Brassica greens, 0 dh head and stem Brassicas, REI 12h, Group 4).

thiamethoxam (Platinum): 5 to 11 oz/A (30 dh, REI 12h, Group 4). Systemic insecticide used as an in-furrow, banded, drench, or drip irrigation application to the seed/seedling root zone during or after planting/transplanting operations.

zeta-cypermethrin (Mustang*): 2.4 to 4.3 oz/A (1 dh, REI 12h, Group 3A).

Slugs

There are several species of slugs that may damage vegetable crops. The grey garden, banded, marsh and spotted garden slugs are among the most common species found. They can become abundant in low- and no-till situations, in land recently fallowed, and along hedgerows or wherever plant debris or mulches provide cover and daytime hiding places. Slugs usually feed at night but may also feed during the day during prolonged periods of wet weather. Damage appears as shredded foliage or shallow fruit holes. They have a rasp-like tongue that wears a hole through the leaf instead of making a clean cut like a caterpillar or beetle. On some thick-leaved Brassicas such as cabbage, the hole will appear larger on one leaf surface and taper to a smaller hole in the opposite surface. Look for silvery slime trails on leaves or turn over soil clods or debris to find slugs during daylight hours. Slug populations can be monitored with shallow pans of beer or with unbaited traps consisting of 6”-deep holes covered with foil-covered shingles, which provide a cool hiding place during the day. Grow plants away from moist, shaded habitats, use clean cultivation, control weeds, hand pick/crush slugs or scatter baits on the ground near infested plants.

iron phosphate (Sluggo: Snail and Slug Bait): 20 to 44 lb/A (0 dh, REI 0h, Group 9B). Apply around perimeter, scatter around base of plants, or band down rows. Apply to moist soil in the evening. OMRI listed.

metaldehyde (Deadline Bullets): 20 to 40 lb/A (REI 12h). Soil surface treatment or band treatment between rows after formation of edible parts. Do not apply directly to or contaminate edible portions of plants.

Swede Midge

A serious pest of crucifers in Europe. Recently introduced into New England, but not yet widely established. Adults are tiny (1/16”), weak-flying, brown flies, while larvae are translucent maggots when small and turn yellow as they grow to 1/8”. They spend the winter as pupae in the top 2” of soil. Maggots infest the tissue near the growing tip and produce malformed plants with brown corky tissue, galls, no-heads, multi-heads, and twisted leaf petioles. Damage is most severe on broccoli, Chinese broccoli, Brussels sprouts, cauliflower and Asian greens. There may be 3 to 4 generations each year. Scout young plants near field borders and tree lines prior to heading or at the pre-cupping stage. Avoid importing infested plants by using New England-grown transplants. Use a 3-year crop rotation. Deep plowing destroys pupae. Spring plantings may avoid peak populations later in the season. If possible, plant away from tree lines that shelter weak-flying adults. Report infestations to state IPM specialist or to the diagnostic lab.

acetamiprid (Assail 30SG): 4 dry oz/A (7 dh, REI 12h, Group 4).

Whiteflies

See whiteflies in the Tomato section for more information on biology.

dinotefuran (Safari 20SG): 0.16 to 0.32 dry oz/1,000 sq ft or 3.5 to 7 dry oz/100 gal/20,000 sq ft (1 dh, REI 12h, Group 4). Broccoli, Brussels sprouts, cabbage, cauliflower and kohlrabi transplants only while in greenhouse. Not for field use.

dinotefuran (Venom 20SG): 7 to 14 dry oz/A foliar or 18 to 21 dry oz/A soil (1 dh foliar, 21 dh soil, REI 12h, Group 4A). For resistance management purposes, do not use foliar spray after soil application or following another nicotinoid (Group 4A) insecticide application on the same crop. For head and stem Brassicas only.

gamma-cyhalothrin (Proaxis*): 2.5 to 3.8 oz/A (1 dh, REI 24h, Group 3A). Suppression only.

imidacloprid (Admire Pro): 4.4 to 10.5 oz/A (21 dh, REI 12h, Group 4A). May be applied as banded spray over seed line during planting (incorporated with irrigation), in-furrow spray, transplant water drench during transplanting or through trickle irrigation. See plant-back restrictions. To avoid resistance, do not use another nicotinoid (Group 4A) insecticide if Admire Pro was used at planting.

imidacloprid (Provado 1.6F): 3.8 oz/A (7 dh, REI 12h, Group 4A). For resistance management purposes, do not use a Provado foliar application following another nicotinoid (Group 4A) insecticide application on the same crop. See plant-back restrictions.

lambda-cyhalothrin (Warrior*): 2.5 to 3.8 oz/A (1 dh, REI 24h, Group 3A). For head and stem Brassicas (broccoli, Brussels sprouts, cauliflower, cabbage, chinese broccoli, chinese cabbage and kohlrabi). Suppression only.

novaluron (Rimon 0.83EC): 6 to 12 oz/A (7 dh, REI 12h, Group 16B). No more than three applications per season. Insect growth regulator. For head and stem Brassicas (broccoli, Brussels sprouts, cauliflower, cabbage, Chinese broccoli, Chinese cabbage, Chinese mustard and kohlrabi). Suppression only.

pyriproxyfen (Knack): 8 to 10 oz/A (7 dh, REI 12h, Group 7). Insect growth regulator for long-term control of immature whiteflies. Does not control adults. No more than 2 applications per season, at least 14 days apart.

sodium tetraborohydrate decahydrate (Prev-AM): 50 oz/100 gal (0.5 dh, REI 12h, Group 25). Do not apply in midday sun or mix with copper, sulfur or oils. CT only.

spiromesifen (Oberon 2SC): 7 to 8.5 oz/A (7 dh, REI 12h, Group 23). Immature whiteflies only.

spirotetramat (Movento): 4-5 oz/A (1 dh, REI 24 h, Group 23). Immature stages; may also reduce adult fertility. 

thiamethoxam (Actara): 3.0 to 5.5 oz/A (7 dh leafy Brassica greens, 0 dh head and stem Brassicas, REI 12h, Group 4).

thiamethoxam (Platinum): 5 to 11 oz/A (30 dh, REI 12h, Group 4). Systemic insecticide used as an in-furrow, banded, drench, or drip irrigation application to the seed/seedling root zone during or after planting/transplanting operations. DO NOT apply as a foliar spray.